Databases and SQL

Sorting and Removing Duplicates

Learning Objectives

  • Write queries that display results in a particular order.
  • Write queries that eliminate duplicate values from data.

In beginning our examination of the Antarctic data, we want to know:

  • what kind of quantity measurements were taken at each site;
  • which scientists took measurements on the expedition;
  • the sites where each scientist took measurements

To determine which measurements were taken at each site, we can examine the Survey table. Data is often redundant, so queries often return redundant information. For example, if we select the quantities that have been measured from the Survey table, we get this:

SELECT quant FROM Survey;
quant
rad
sal
rad
sal
rad
sal
temp
rad
sal
temp
rad
temp
sal
rad
sal
temp
sal
rad
sal
sal
rad

This result makes it difficult to see all of the different types of quant in the Survey table. We can eliminate the redundant output to make the result more readable by adding the DISTINCT keyword to our query:

SELECT DISTINCT quant FROM Survey;
quant
rad
sal
temp

If we want to determine which sites have which quant measurement, we can use the DISTINCT keyword on multiple columns. If we select more than one column, the distinct pairs of values are returned:

SELECT DISTINCT taken, quant FROM Survey;
taken quant
619 rad
619 sal
622 rad
622 sal
734 rad
734 sal
734 temp
735 rad
735 sal
735 temp
751 rad
751 temp
751 sal
752 rad
752 sal
752 temp
837 rad
837 sal
844 rad

Notice in both cases that duplicates are removed even if the rows they come from didn’t appear to be adjacent in the database table.

Our next task is to identify the scientists on the expedition by looking at the Person table. As we mentioned earlier, database records are not stored in any particular order. This means that query results aren’t necessarily sorted, and even if they are, we often want to sort them in a different way, e.g., by their identifier instead of by their personal name. We can do this in SQL by adding an ORDER BY clause to our query:

SELECT * FROM Person ORDER BY id;
id personal family
danfort Frank Danforth
dyer William Dyer
lake Anderson Lake
pb Frank Pabodie
roe Valentina Roerich

By default, results are sorted in ascending order (i.e., from least to greatest). We can sort in the opposite order using DESC (for “descending”):

SELECT * FROM person ORDER BY id DESC;
id personal family
roe Valentina Roerich
pb Frank Pabodie
lake Anderson Lake
dyer William Dyer
danfort Frank Danforth

(And if we want to make it clear that we’re sorting in ascending order, we can use ASC instead of DESC.)

In order to look at which scientist measured quantities at each site, we can look again at the Survey table. We can also sort on several fields at once. For example, this query sorts results first in ascending order by taken, and then in descending order by person within each group of equal taken values:

SELECT taken, person, quant FROM Survey ORDER BY taken ASC, person DESC;
taken person quant
619 dyer rad
619 dyer sal
622 dyer rad
622 dyer sal
734 pb rad
734 pb temp
734 lake sal
735 pb rad
735 -null- sal
735 -null- temp
751 pb rad
751 pb temp
751 lake sal
752 roe sal
752 lake rad
752 lake sal
752 lake temp
837 roe sal
837 lake rad
837 lake sal
844 roe rad

This query gives us a good idea of which scientist was at which site, and what measurements they performed while they were there.

Looking at the table, it seems like some scientists specialized in certain kinds of measurements. We can examine which scientists performed which measurements by selecting the appropriate columns and removing duplicates.

SELECT DISTINCT quant, person FROM Survey ORDER BY quant ASC;
quant person
rad dyer
rad pb
rad lake
rad roe
sal dyer
sal lake
sal -null-
sal roe
temp pb
temp -null-
temp lake

Finding Distinct Dates

Write a query that selects distinct dates from the Visited table.

Displaying Full Names

Write a query that displays the full names of the scientists in the Person table, ordered by family name.